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  <div class="section" id="extending-and-embedding-the-python-interpreter">
<span id="extending-index"></span><h1>扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-and-embedding-the-python-interpreter" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
<p>本文档描述了如何使用 C 或 C++ 编写模块以使用新模块来扩展 Python 解释器的功能。 这些模块不仅可以定义新的函数，还可以定义新的对象类型及其方法。 该文档还描述了如何将 Python 解释器嵌入到另一个应用程序中，以用作扩展语言。 最后，它展示了如何编译和链接扩展模块，以便它们可以动态地（在运行时）加载到解释器中，如果底层操作系统支持此特性的话。</p>
<p>本文档假设你具备有关 Python 的基本知识。有关该语言的非正式介绍，请参阅 <a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html#tutorial-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python 教程</span></a> 。 <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python语言参考</span></a> 给出了更正式的语言定义。 <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python 标准库</span></a> 包含现有的对象类型、函数和模块（内置和用 Python 编写）的文档，使语言具有广泛的应用范围。</p>
<p>关于整个 Python/C API 的详细介绍，请参阅独立的 <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/index.html#c-api-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python/C API 参考手册</span></a> 。</p>
<div class="section" id="recommended-third-party-tools">
<h2>推荐的第三方工具<a class="headerlink" href="#recommended-third-party-tools" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
<p>本指南仅介绍了作为此 CPython 版本的一部分提供的创建扩展的基本工具。 第三方工具，如 <a class="reference external" href="http://cython.org/">Cython</a> 、 <a class="reference external" href="https://cffi.readthedocs.io">cffi</a> 、 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.swig.org">SWIG</a> 和 <a class="reference external" href="https://numba.pydata.org/">Numba</a> 提供了更简单和更复杂的方法来为 Python 创建 C 和 C ++ 扩展。</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">参见</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/guides/packaging-binary-extensions/">Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions</a></dt><dd><p>“ Python Packaging User Guide ”不仅涵盖了几个简化二进制扩展创建的可用工具，还讨论了为什么首先创建扩展模块的各种原因。</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools">
<h2>不使用第三方工具创建扩展<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
<p>本指南的这一部分包括在没有第三方工具帮助的情况下创建 C 和 C ++ 扩展。它主要用于这些工具的创建者，而不是建议你创建自己的 C 扩展的方法。</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html">1. 使用 C 或 C++ 扩展 Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#a-simple-example">1.1. 一个简单的例子</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#intermezzo-errors-and-exceptions">1.2. 关于错误和异常</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#back-to-the-example">1.3. 回到例子</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#the-module-s-method-table-and-initialization-function">1.4. 模块方法表和初始化函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#compilation-and-linkage">1.5. 编译和链接</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c">1.6. 在C中调用Python函数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions">1.7. 提取扩展函数的参数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions">1.8. 给扩展函数的关键字参数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#building-arbitrary-values">1.9. 构造任意值</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#reference-counts">1.10. 引用计数</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c">1.11. 在C++中编写扩展</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module">1.12. 给扩展模块提供C API</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html">2. 自定义扩展类型：教程</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#the-basics">2.1. 基础</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#adding-data-and-methods-to-the-basic-example">2.2. Adding data and methods to the Basic example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#providing-finer-control-over-data-attributes">2.3. Providing finer control over data attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection">2.4. Supporting cyclic garbage collection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#subclassing-other-types">2.5. Subclassing other types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html">3. 定义扩展类型：已分类主题</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#finalization-and-de-allocation">3.1. 终结和内存释放</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#object-presentation">3.2. 对象展示</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#attribute-management">3.3. Attribute Management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#object-comparison">3.4. Object Comparison</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#abstract-protocol-support">3.5. Abstract Protocol Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#weak-reference-support">3.6. Weak Reference Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#more-suggestions">3.7. 更多建议</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="building.html">4. 构建C/C++扩展</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="building.html#building-c-and-c-extensions-with-distutils">4.1. 使用distutils构建C和C++扩展</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="building.html#distributing-your-extension-modules">4.2. 发布你的扩展模块</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html">5. 在Windows平台编译C和C++扩展</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#a-cookbook-approach">5.1. A Cookbook Approach</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#differences-between-unix-and-windows">5.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#using-dlls-in-practice">5.3. Using DLLs in Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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</div>
<div class="section" id="embedding-the-cpython-runtime-in-a-larger-application">
<h2>在更大的应用程序中嵌入 CPython 运行时<a class="headerlink" href="#embedding-the-cpython-runtime-in-a-larger-application" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
<p>有时，不是要创建在 Python 解释器中作为主应用程序运行的扩展，而是希望将 CPython 运行时嵌入到更大的应用程序中。 本节介绍了成功完成此操作所涉及的一些细节。</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html">1. 在其它应用程序嵌入 Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#very-high-level-embedding">1.1. Very High Level Embedding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">1.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#pure-embedding">1.3. 纯嵌入</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#extending-embedded-python">1.4. Extending Embedded Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#embedding-python-in-c">1.5. 在 C++ 中嵌入 Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">1.6. 在类 Unix 系统中编译和链接</a></li>
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